One of the more commonly accepted models for causes of hypertension is known as the

Within some studies, of all patients presenting with essential hypertension, what percentage of these will have a single identifiable cause (such as renal or adrenal disease)

To maintain a healthy blood pressure, what 2 cardiac factors need to be balanced

Which blood vessel structure is responsible for maintaining the peripheral vascular resistance in patients

One of the main mechanisms that can affect blood pressure is the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Hypoperfusion in the kidney leads to the release of angiotensin-I into the blood stream. Where is Renin released from

Angiotensin-I is converted to the substance angiotensin-II in the lungs by which enzyme

Angiotensin-II acts directly on structures within the vascular system to increase blood pressure

Angiotensin-II directly stimulates the constriction of smooth muscles found within the walls of small arteries. This makes it what type of substance

Angiotensin-II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and vasopressin from the pituitary gland. What action do these substances have on the body

In the context of hypertension, why is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) important

What are the clinical parameters of blood pressure to be considered hypertensive

A single blood pressure reading can be used to diagnose hypertension

Whilst undergoing either ambulatory or home blood pressure monitoring for confirmation of hypertension, it is prudent to be undertaking what additional assessments

In patients presenting to primary care settings and found to have stage 3/severe hypertension (BP > 180/120mmHG) without signs of target organ damage, antihypertensive medication should be started immediately

At all points of the assessment and management of patients with hypertension, lifestyle advice should be given to improve risks of developing cardiovascular disease. Which of the following is not advice that should be given to these patients