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The heart is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Fibres from both of these systems combine and form structures close to the aortic arch. What is this structure called
Cardiac muscle is structurally different to skeletal muscle. Which of the following features is NOT associated with cardiac muscle
Which of the following electrolytes is primarily responsible for the contractile state of the myocardium
The amount of calcium that enters the cell prior to contraction is not sufficient to induce contraction of the myofibrils. How does contraction occur
Calcium is important within the contraction of myocardium because it binds with a substance to allow crossbridge-cycling of the actin and mysosin myofibrils. What is this substance
During the diastolic phase, the Calcium/Troponin binding mechanism is inhibited. This allows tropomyosin to block the binding sites of the two muscle fibres. What are the muscle fibres called
How many types of cardiac action potentials are there
Non-pacemaker action potentials (also called fast response action potentials) are found throughout the cells of the heart with the exception of 1 type of cell. What type of cell does not have this type of action potential
Pacemaker cells generate a spontaneous action potential (also known as slow response action potentials). Where within the heart structures are pacemaker cells found
Action potentials within the heart’s cells need to be regulated to maintain a stable heart rate. Within the absolute refractory period, a second action potential cannot be generated by the cell. Why is this
Hyperkalaemia is the condition of increased levels of extracellular potassium. How does this affect cardiac function
Hypokalaemia is the condition of decreased concentrations of extracellular potassium. How does this affect cardiac function
Hypoxia can affect every cell within the body. How does it affect cardiac function
Acidaemia is the increased presence of increased hydrogen ions within the blood. How does this affect the function of cardiac cells
Within newborns, the physiology of the cardiac muscles is altered compared to older children and adults. What is one of the main alterations that could impact cardiac output during illness