Primary cardiac disease is rare in infants and newborns. What might be the primary reasons for parents to contact 999

Within infants, there can be a number of red flags that would suggest an underlying cardiovascular disease is present. Which of the following could be associated with underlying cardiovascular disease

Respiratory distress can be further sub-divided into 2 types which can present as a result of a primary cardiac disease. What are they

Congenital cardiac lesions are the most common form of primarily cardiovascular disease in newborns and infants. What 3 types of lesion are there

In an infant patient, when are their metabolic demands highest

What 2 features of infants feeding patterns are red flags for primary cardiovascular disease in this age group

One set of congenital cardiac lesion patients are particularly affected by poor feeding cycles. Which one and why

Within children of school age, what symptom would raise concern about an underlying cardiovascular disease process

Peripheral cyanosis can present in children as a result of a variety of disease processes. In an otherwise well child, this is benign and represents what

What is the primary driver of cardiac output in children

The systolic component of cardiac output in paediatric patients remains constant due to their limited stroke volume (1.5ml/Kg at birth). What 2 negative effects  can this have on the patient

Whilst assessing pulses, rate, rhythm and character are important. However, due to a reduced palpable pulse magnitude in children and infants, palpation of these pulses can be more difficult. Why

How can you reduce the interference of breath sounds when performing cardiac auscultation

Foetal circulation differs significantly from child and adult circulation, why is this

Myocardial cells within infants have more or less non-contractile elements compared to adults

Define afterload